Features in Selenium 4:
1. W3C WebDriver Protocol
1. Selenium 4 adopts the W3C WebDriver standard, ensuring better interoperability and reliability across different browsers.2. Direct communication with the browser eliminates the need for encoding and decoding between JSON Wire Protocol and W3C, improving performance.
2. Relative Locators:
New relative locators simplify element location based on their relationship with other elements on the page.Methods include:
above()
below()
toLeftOf()
toRightOf()
near()
Example :
WebElement element = driver.findElement(RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).below(By.id("username")));
3. Enhanced Selenium Grid
Grid 4 offers better scalability and reliability.Features include:
Support for Docker to deploy and manage nodes.
Improved observability with built-in logging and monitoring.
New architecture using Hub-Node communication via messaging queues.
Support for both standalone and distributed modes.
4. Improved Browser Support
Selenium 4 adds support for modern browsers and features:Native Chromium-based Edge support.
Enhanced DevTools Protocol for Chrome and Edge.
5. DevTools Protocol Integration
Selenium 4 integrates the Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP), enabling access to advanced browser controls.Capabilities include:
Network interception and monitoring.
Simulating geolocation and device settings.
Capturing console logs and exceptions.
Example :
DevTools devTools = ((HasDevTools) driver).getDevTools(); devTools.createSession(); devTools.send(Network.enable(Optional.empty(), Optional.empty(), Optional.empty())); devTools.addListener(Network.requestWillBeSent(), request -> { System.out.println("Request URL: " + request.getRequest().getUrl()); });
6. Better Documentation
Selenium 4 provides updated and detailed documentation with examples for all APIs and features.7. New Window/Tab Management
Simplified API to open and switch between new browser tabs or windows.1. Open a New Tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
2. Open a New Window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
8. Improved Actions API
The Actions class now supports finer control and more complex gestures for interactions like:Multi-pointer input (for mobile testing).
Multi-touch gestures
9. Deprecations and Cleanups
Older methods and features have been deprecated, streamlining the API for easier usage.Example: DesiredCapabilities replaced with Options.
10. Enhanced Screenshots
Take screenshots of specific web elements or the entire page, improving test debugging.Example :
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("example"));
File screenshot = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
